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Molecular Identification of Entamoeba gingivalis and Its Association with Periodontitis in Diabetic Patients: A PCR-Based Study Targeting the ITS2 Region

Wirangrong Sritongklang¹˒², Nav La¹, Alisa Boonsuya¹,Patpicha Arunsan¹˒³ , Thanawat Trasaktaweesakul², Pundit Asavaritikrai², Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon¹˒⁴, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon¹˒⁴˒⁵*

¹Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand ²School of Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand ³Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand ⁴FMC Medical Center, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand ⁵Department of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand

Entamoeba gingivalis is an anaerobic protozoan increasingly associated with periodontitis, particularly in individuals with systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of E. gingivalis in 160 Thai patients with periodontitis and analyzed associated risk factors. Microscopy detected the parasite in 15.0% of patients, PCR in 25.6%, and sequencing confirmed the infection in 22.5%, all of which were Subtype 1. Infection was significantly more common among diabetic patients (41.3%) than non-diabetics (3.8%) (P0.001). Multivariate analysis identified type 2 diabetes (adjusted OR = 20.77; 95% CI: 5.39–80.09), alcohol use (adjusted OR = 3.72; 95% CI: 1.01–13.68), and other underlying diseases (adjusted OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07–2.06) as independent risk factors. PCR demonstrated superior diagnostic performance compared to microscopy. These findings support a potential pathogenic role of E. gingivalis in periodontitis, especially among patients with type 2 diabetes or behavioral risk factors. (International Journal of Biomedicine. 2025;15(3):545-551.)

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Nanochitosan-Coated Zingiber cassumunar (Plai) for AntiInflammatory Applications: Characterization and Therapeutic Evaluation

Natthakamol Wakhuwathapong¹˒², Pitchayapa Janyacharoen¹˒², Nita Jungpichanwanit¹˒², Sirichai Phinsiri², Alisa Boonsuya², Patpicha Arunsan²˒⁵, Weerapat Foytong¹, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒³, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒⁴, Chutharat Thanchonnang²˒³˒⁶*

¹ Surawiwat School, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ² Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ³ FMC Medical Center, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁴ School of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁶ Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai), a traditional Thai medicinal plant, is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties. However, its clinical use has been limited due to poor solubility, stability, and skin permeability. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a nanochitosan-coated formulation incorporating Zingiber cassumunar (Plai) extract for anti-inflammatory applications. The study focuses on characterizing the physicochemical properties of the formulation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, as well as assessing its anti-inflammatory efficacy through the albumin denaturation assay. The nanoparticles were characterized by GC-MS, FTIR, and SEM. GC-MS, and showed enrichment of lipophilic, volatile compounds like lidocaine, benzyl benzoate, and squalene. FTIR confirmed successful Plai incorporation into the chitosan matrix with strong molecular interactions. SEM revealed porous, sponge-like structures, supporting high drug-loading efficiency and potential for controlled release. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via BSA protein denaturation assay, revealing that all formulations, including crude extract, chitosan, and nanochitosan-Plai, exhibited high inhibition across tested concentrations. Notably, the nanochitosan-Plai formulation showed significantly superior activity at the highest concentration. These findings suggest that nanochitosan encapsulation significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Plai, supporting its potential development as an advanced topical delivery system for the targeted management of localized inflammatory conditions.(International Journal of Biomedicine. 2025;15(3):564-571.)

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Capsaicin Hydrogel Skin Patch: Development, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Anti-Inflammatory Effects, and Pain-Relief Applications

Chutharat Thanchonnang¹˒²˒³, Alisa Boonsuya², Phornpitcha Pechdee²˒⁴,
Patpicha Arunsan²˒⁵, Nav La⁶, Nattawut Keeratibharat⁷, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒⁸, Wiwat Nuansing⁷, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon*

¹ Translational Medicine Program, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ² Parasitic Disease Research Center, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ³ School of Family Medicine and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁴ Sirindhorn College of Public Health Suphan Buri Province, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences, Praboromarajchanok Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand ⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁶ Faculty of Pediatric and Medicine, International University, Phnom Penh, Cambodia ⁷ School of Surgery, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand ⁸ FMC Medical Center, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

Background: Capsaicin, the primary pungent component of Capsicum annuum, exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties by acting on TRPV1 receptors and modulating COX-2 expression. However, its therapeutic use is limited by poor solubility, instability, and potential skin irritation. Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS), a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder, presents a need for safer and more effective topical treatments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate capsaicin loaded hydrogel patches for cytotoxic effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and pain relief. Methods and Results: A hydrogel patch containing 0.1% capsaicin was fabricated using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatin, glycerol, Tween 80, triethanolamine through the freeze–thaw technique. Structural analysis by GC-MS revealed bioactive constituents, predominantly dodecyl acrylate (45.78%), oleic acid (25.06%), and trans-oleic acid (7.52%), all known for their anti-inflammatory and skin-permeation-enhancing properties. FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of capsaicin into the hydrogel matrix with characteristic shifts in N–H, C=O, and C–N functional groups, while UV-Vis spectroscopy supported capsaicin release over time. Cytotoxicity testing on human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells demonstrated high cell viability (>90%) at concentrations below 1 mg/ mL, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 20 mg/mL, indicating low toxicity at therapeutic doses. The hydrogel exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Notably, the anti-inflammatory efficacy was statistically comparable to diclofenac (P = 0.183). Conclusion: The capsaicin-loaded hydrogel patch showed excellent physicochemical characteristics, structural stability, and biocompatibility. Its anti-inflammatory efficacy was on a par with standard diclofenac, supporting its potential as a safe and effective treatment for localized pain and inflammation management with MPS.(International Journal of Biomedicine. 2025;15(3):572-582.)

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Effects of Phycocyanin on Oxidative Stress in The Brain of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise Rats

Onrawee Khongsombat¹˒³˒⁴˒⁵, · Farung Kamsaen¹ · Nontawat Buapheng¹ · Phattharawadi Choemsuwan¹ · Kotchakorn Klinprathap² · Sakara Tunsophon¹˒³˒⁵*

¹ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand ² Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand ³ The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand ⁴ Center of Excellence for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand ⁵ Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand

Excessive exercise can lead to oxidative stress which can negatively affect the nervous system. Phycocyanin, a pigment in blue-green algae like spirulina, has potent antioxidant properties that help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This study examined the effects of phycocyanin on oxidative stress in the rat brain induced by prolonged strenuous exercise. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Control group, exercise group, exercise with low (100 mg/kg BW) or high (200 mg/kg BW) doses of phycocyanin or vitamin C (200 mg/kg BW). After the 8th week of experiment, brain tissue was collected to analyze malondialdehyde levels (MDA) and antioxidant activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. The results show that excessive exercise tends to increase MDA levels and decrease superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, although these changes are not statistically significant. However, excessive exercise significantly reduces the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which may contribute to oxidative stress. Phycocyanin, on the other hand, enhances the antioxidant activity of SOD and CAT, both of which play a critical role in mitigating oxidative damage. Interestingly, phycocyanin does not appear to significantly affect GPx levels. This suggests that phycocyanin may selectively target specific antioxidant pathways while leaving others unaffected.

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Optimization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction of Rosmarinic Acid from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity

Krittima Kriengsaksri1,2,3,4, Wisuwat Thongphichai2,3,5, Tamonwan Uttarawichien2,3,6, Jasadakorn Khoochonthara2,3, Pasarapa Towiwat7,8 and Suchada Sukrong2,3,9,*

1 MSc. Program in Research for Enterprise, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3 Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 4 Herb Guardian Co., Ltd., Nonthaburi 11120, Thailand 5 Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand 6 Faculty of Medicine, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand 7 Animal Models of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Diseases for Drug Discovery Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 8 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 9 Chulalongkorn School of Integrated Innovation, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. is a plant known for its promising biological activity, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and a rich source of rosmarinic acid (RA). The extraction of T. laurifolia for cosmetic and skincare products using conventional solvents has encountered difficulties, including safety concerns, skin irritation, undesirable odors, and inefficient extraction. In this work, 14 types of natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) with varying compositions and ratios were investigated to compare their efficiency in extracting RA from T. laurifolia by HPLC analysis. The NaDES with the highest extraction efficiency was further utilized in ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and the extraction parameters were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimized RA content and DPPH scavenging activity were predicted by response surfaces methodology to be 7.52 mg/g DW and 37.6 mg TE/g DW, respectively. The optimal extraction condition was achieved using a propylene glycol-lactic acid NaDES (at an 8:1 molar ratio) with 37% (w/w) H2O, a 30 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, an 80 °C extraction temperature, and a 32 min extraction time. The optimized extract was proved to suppress ROS in H2O2-induced keratinocytes. The extract demonstrated robust stability against basic, oxidative, and photolytic stresses, and maintained long-term chemical stability up to 90 days. This study introduces a new green solvent for the effective extraction of T. laurifolia, thereby improving the safety and quality of the extracts for skincare and cosmetic products. Keywords: Thunbergia laurifolia; natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES); rosmarinic acid; ultrasonic-assisted extraction; keratinocytes; antioxidant activity; chemical stability

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Article Published Link
Capsaicin Hydrogel Skin Patch: Development, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Anti-Inflammatory Effects, and Pain-Relief Applications
Chutharat Thanchonnang¹˒²˒³, Alisa Boonsuya², Phornpitcha Pechdee²˒⁴, Patpicha Arunsan²˒⁵, Nav La⁶, Nattawut Keeratibharat⁷, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒⁸, Wiwat Nuansing⁷, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon*		 International Journal of Biomedicine 15(3) (2025) ดูเอกสาร
Nanochitosan-Coated Zingiber cassumunar (Plai) for AntiInflammatory Applications: Characterization and Therapeutic Evaluation
Natthakamol Wakhuwathapong¹˒², Pitchayapa Janyacharoen¹˒², Nita Jungpichanwanit¹˒², Sirichai Phinsiri², Alisa Boonsuya², Patpicha Arunsan²˒⁵, Weerapat Foytong¹, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒³, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon²˒⁴, Chutharat Thanchonnang²˒³˒⁶*		 International Journal of Biomedicine 15(3) (2025) ดูเอกสาร
Molecular Identification of Entamoeba gingivalis and Its Association with Periodontitis in Diabetic Patients: A PCR-Based Study Targeting the ITS2 Region
Wirangrong Sritongklang¹˒², Nav La¹, Alisa Boonsuya¹, Patpicha Arunsan¹˒³, Thanawat Trasaktaweesakul², Pundit Asavaritikrai², Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon¹˒⁴, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon¹˒⁴˒⁵*		 International Journal of Biomedicine 15(3) (2025) ดูเอกสาร
Effects of Phycocyanin on Oxidative Stress in The Brain of Prolonged Strenuous Exercise Rats
Onrawee Khongsombat1,3,4,5,*, Farung Kamsaen1, Nontawat Buapheng1, Phattharawadi Choemsuwan1, Kotchakorn Klinprathap2 and Sakara Tunsophon1,3,5		 Vol. 22 No. 7 (2025): Trends in Sciences, Volume 22, Number 7, July 2025 ดูเอกสาร
Optimization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Extraction of Rosmarinic Acid from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
Krittima Kriengsaksri1,2,3,4, Wisuwat Thongphichai2,3,5, Tamonwan Uttarawichien2,3,6, Jasadakorn Khoochonthara2,3, Pasarapa Towiwat7,8 and Suchada Sukrong2,3,9,*		 Molecules 2025, 30(24) ดูเอกสาร

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